Finish Gzella

1 files changed, 39 insertions, 2 deletions

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@@ -25,7 +25,9 @@
 
 Semitic languages generally express the semantic distinction between active and non-active using \term{verbal stems}\pagenr{292}.
 There is a base stem (the \term{G-stem}) and three principal derived stems:
-	the \term{D-stem}, where the middle root consonant is lengthened;
+	the \term{D-stem}, where the middle root consonant is lengthened,
+		indicating plurality\note{of subject, object or action} for high-transitivity verbs
+		and factivity for low-transitivity verbs;
 	the \term{C-stem}, which expresses causativity; and
 	the \term{N-stem}, which has a prefix starting with /n-/
 		and at least in some cases serves as the medio-passive of the G-stem\pagenrs{293--4}.
@@ -36,11 +38,46 @@ Therefore, the description in this paragraph is very rough\pagenr{296}.
 
 In Central Semitic languages\note{Hebrew, Aramaic, Ugaritic, Arabic, and others},
 	\term{internal passives} (where the consonantal skeleton remains unchanged) of the G, D and C stems exist\pagenr{297}.
-\parnote{For an overview of the functions associated to the different stems, see p.~300.}
+Generally speaking,
+	N is used to focus on the action alone, while
+	Gp presupposes an external agent in the background and
+	Gt is used for reciprocity and reflexivity\pagenr{300}.
 
 In Hebrew, the Gt and Ct stems seem to have disappeared,
 	the internal passive Gp only survives in residual forms
 	but the other (medio-)passive and reflexive stems\note{N, Dt, Dp, Cp} remain\pagenr{303}.
 The surviving forms seem to have absorbed some of the functions of the abolished ones.
 
+The N-stem has the widest semantic range, covering (medio-)passive, reciprocal and `tolerative'%
+	\note{where the subject allows himself to undergo the event --- often influenced by theological considerations}
+	meanings,
+	whereas reflexive ones are rare and can often be analysed as agentless middles\pagenr{305}.
+For intransitive verbs, it may give an manifestative notion%
+	\note{`show oneself as holy'}\pagenr{306}.
+In general, the function of the N-stem is to \emph{highlight an action without considering the agent or its involvement}\pagenr{307},
+	rather emphasising the \emph{affectedness of the subject}\pagenr{312}.
+The Gp on the other hand is said to presuppose an agent in the background ---
+	though this distinction broke down long before the classical period\pagenr{313}.
+
+\parnote{Low-transitivity verbs prefer G for imperfect and imperative, but N for perfect and participle.
+	This is a secondary development, and does not indicate a difference in meaning\pagenr{314}.}
+
+\parnote{
+	The Ct disappeared, and its function was absorbed by Dt;
+		a logical development, for factivity and causativity are similar for low-transitivity verbs\pagenr{315}.}
+When both Dt and N occur,
+	N expresses a quality inherent or objectively present in the subject,
+	while Dt indicates an attained quality or `acting-as'\pagenr{317}.
+When both D and C occur,
+	D focuses on the result
+	and C on the underlying process\pagenr{318}.
+\emph{However, these distinctions are by no means stable.}
+
+Summarising, voice interacts with other grammatical categories due to semantic overlap, especially Aktionsart.
+The use of the N-stem with high-transitivity verbs implies reduced valency and detransitivisation.
+For low-transitivity verbs, the Aktionsart is changed\pagenr{319}.
+\parnote{
+	The passive voice and participle in particular has a resultative sense.
+	The Dt has a durative or frequentative sense besides the reflexive one, intersecting with the imperfective aspect\pagenr{320}.}
+
 \end{document}