summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
diff options
context:
space:
mode:
authorCamil Staps2016-09-27 10:36:13 +0200
committerCamil Staps2016-09-27 10:36:13 +0200
commit29971c5e66a7b4c9d083cda5a491807ccd107d8f (patch)
tree651ba80abb475ef3766e4acdc1c66303821a1e61
parentBenton: until (not including) 4.4.4 (diff)
Finished Benton chapter 4
-rw-r--r--benton-handout.tex42
1 files changed, 42 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/benton-handout.tex b/benton-handout.tex
index 75151ad..e4f8263 100644
--- a/benton-handout.tex
+++ b/benton-handout.tex
@@ -377,6 +377,48 @@
The yiqtol expresses an iterative sense, here:
this is a general rule that applies to every individual.
Every individual ends in the same state, hence the Niphal.
+
+ Among \term{self-move}-verbs, most\note{all but two} are exclusively Niphael or a t-stem.
+ When there is variety, either can be used, and the author chooses what he wants to express%
+ \note{\emph{bend} in Ps.~38:7 vs. Qoh.~12:3}\pagenr{320}.
+ \criticism{why can't the author choose for the verbs that are exclusively for one stem?}
+
+ Verbs for \emph{fight} present a problem for the theory, as they are most commonly Niphals.
+ They do however
+ (a) focus on the trajectory towards the resultative state of fighting,
+ (b) focus on the endpoint of the fight, or
+ (c) present the fight as a state in the background.
+ In later language, the Hitpael gains territory,
+ either because of historical accident\note{unlikely considering the frequency of Niphals},
+ or because of a lexical change\pagenrs{322--7}.
+
+ Impersonal events\note{\emph{storm}} cannot be passivized:
+ there is no Agent or Cause to demote, nor a Patient to promote ---
+ yet the S must have reduced agency.
+ Sometimes these verbs have a Patient S\note{the wield was rained on}, sometimes, no S.
+ They occur mostly in the Niphal%
+ \note{the Hitpael, as activity, must have an underlying Agent}\pagenrs{332--6}.
+}
+
+\parnote{
+ \subsubsection*{Results}
+ The results on basic Agent and basic Experiencer categories were consistent with the hypothesis:
+ the A was always demoted, the O nearly always promoted to S.
+
+ The Hitpolel and Hitpalpel act like the Hitpael, the Nitpael, like the Niphal.
+ The Pual appears mostly as an agentive passive.
+
+ Also passive stative forms follow the predicted patterns.
+ A transition unfolds on the S.
+ The `act of X' meaning and inceptive use of the Hitpael follow naturally from the activity aspect of the stem.
+ When a root has a strong preference for one stem, this tells us something about the way that root was seen.
+
+ Among basic intransitive verbs, the result of passivization and the semantic role of S (Patient or Mover) are unpredictable.
+ However, the point that both Niphal and Hitpael are passivizing stems, and the distinction in situation aspect, can be found here as well.
+
+ Genre does not seem to play a role in how the Niphal and Hitpael function.
+ However, some genres have a preference for one situation aspect, and hence, for a stem.
+ For example, wisdom literature tends to describe the way people should act, which makes the Hitpael more appropriate.
}
\end{document}