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author | Camil Staps | 2016-09-27 10:36:13 +0200 |
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committer | Camil Staps | 2016-09-27 10:36:13 +0200 |
commit | 29971c5e66a7b4c9d083cda5a491807ccd107d8f (patch) | |
tree | 651ba80abb475ef3766e4acdc1c66303821a1e61 | |
parent | Benton: until (not including) 4.4.4 (diff) |
Finished Benton chapter 4
-rw-r--r-- | benton-handout.tex | 42 |
1 files changed, 42 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/benton-handout.tex b/benton-handout.tex index 75151ad..e4f8263 100644 --- a/benton-handout.tex +++ b/benton-handout.tex @@ -377,6 +377,48 @@ The yiqtol expresses an iterative sense, here: this is a general rule that applies to every individual. Every individual ends in the same state, hence the Niphal. + + Among \term{self-move}-verbs, most\note{all but two} are exclusively Niphael or a t-stem. + When there is variety, either can be used, and the author chooses what he wants to express% + \note{\emph{bend} in Ps.~38:7 vs. Qoh.~12:3}\pagenr{320}. + \criticism{why can't the author choose for the verbs that are exclusively for one stem?} + + Verbs for \emph{fight} present a problem for the theory, as they are most commonly Niphals. + They do however + (a) focus on the trajectory towards the resultative state of fighting, + (b) focus on the endpoint of the fight, or + (c) present the fight as a state in the background. + In later language, the Hitpael gains territory, + either because of historical accident\note{unlikely considering the frequency of Niphals}, + or because of a lexical change\pagenrs{322--7}. + + Impersonal events\note{\emph{storm}} cannot be passivized: + there is no Agent or Cause to demote, nor a Patient to promote --- + yet the S must have reduced agency. + Sometimes these verbs have a Patient S\note{the wield was rained on}, sometimes, no S. + They occur mostly in the Niphal% + \note{the Hitpael, as activity, must have an underlying Agent}\pagenrs{332--6}. +} + +\parnote{ + \subsubsection*{Results} + The results on basic Agent and basic Experiencer categories were consistent with the hypothesis: + the A was always demoted, the O nearly always promoted to S. + + The Hitpolel and Hitpalpel act like the Hitpael, the Nitpael, like the Niphal. + The Pual appears mostly as an agentive passive. + + Also passive stative forms follow the predicted patterns. + A transition unfolds on the S. + The `act of X' meaning and inceptive use of the Hitpael follow naturally from the activity aspect of the stem. + When a root has a strong preference for one stem, this tells us something about the way that root was seen. + + Among basic intransitive verbs, the result of passivization and the semantic role of S (Patient or Mover) are unpredictable. + However, the point that both Niphal and Hitpael are passivizing stems, and the distinction in situation aspect, can be found here as well. + + Genre does not seem to play a role in how the Niphal and Hitpael function. + However, some genres have a preference for one situation aspect, and hence, for a stem. + For example, wisdom literature tends to describe the way people should act, which makes the Hitpael more appropriate. } \end{document} |