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\documentclass[a4paper,twocolumn]{article}
\usepackage[top=2cm]{geometry}
\usepackage[british]{babel}
\usepackage{stfloats}
\usepackage{handouts}
\usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows}
\usepackage[font=small]{caption}
\usepackage{subcaption}
\title{\Large Handout of ``The Middle Voice''\footnote{Suzanne Kemmer (1993).}}
\author{Camil Staps}
\newcommand{\RM}[0]{\textsc{rm}}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\subsection*{Reflexive and Associated Middle Situation Types}
\summary{
\subsubsection*{The direct reflexive}
According to Faltz (1977), the archetypal semantically reflexive context is a simple two-participant clause
where one participant is Agent or Experiencer and the other a Patient, while both refer to the same entity\pagenr{42}.
This is the semantic prototype, since whenever a language marks coreference in other situtations,
it also does in this situation\pagenr{43}.
This reflexive is called the \term{direct reflexive}.
It is defined by
\term{coreference}, narrowed down by
\term{scope}\note{only simple clauses} and
\term{thematic roles}\note{Agent/Experiencer and Patient (Faltz)/Stimulus(Kemmer)}.
A \term{reflexive marker} (\RM) is
``a productive grammatical device that is used obligatorily
to mark direct reflexive contexts in at least the third person''\pagenr{47}.
All reflexive-marking languages use {\RM}s in the direct reflexive,
which is a second indicator that this is the semantic reflexive prototype.
The direct reflexive is a special case of a \term{two-participant event}.
The prototypical two-participant event has a human Agent act volitionally,
exerting physical force on an inanimate definite Patient,
which is directly affected by that event\pagenr{50}.
\parnote{This definition can be easily extended to include mental state- and perception-verbs,
using Experiencer/Stimulus terminology and/or the Initiator/Endpoint macroroles\pagenr{51}.}
\subsubsection*{Body action middles}
\term{Grooming actions} often have different markings than reflexive verbs,
so they are not a subset of the reflexive situation type\pagenr{54}.
\term{Changes in body posture}\note{stand (up); sit (down); lie (down)}
often appear as bare intransitives and therefore cannot be seen as direct reflexives either\pagenr{55}.
Also \term{nontranslational motion} verbs\note{turn, twist, bend (e.g. one's head)}
are often expressed using middle forms\pagenr{56},
as are verbs of \term{translational motion}\note{fly, flee, run, etc.}\pagenr{57}.
All these verbs may be marked differently from reflexive and two-participant verbs because coreference is expected.
The actions of e.g. self-washing are also different from being washed or washing something else\pagenr{60}.
Reflexive markers may be added when more distinguishability of the participants is required\pagenr{66}.
This indicates that the {\RM} may have this function in a reflexive context as well.
\parnote{And indeed, even though the participants in a reflexive context are coreferent, some degree of individuation is maintained.}
\subsubsection*{Event schemas}
We can graphically depict the results from the previous sections in \autoref{fig:refmid-events}.
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.5\linewidth}
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=1cm,every node/.style={circle,draw},scale=0.9,>=stealth]
\node (A) {};
\node[right of=A] (B) {};
\draw[->] (A) -- (B);
\path (A) edge[bend left,dotted] (B);
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{Reflexive}
\end{subfigure}%
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.5\linewidth}
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=2cm,every node/.style={circle,draw},scale=0.9,>=stealth]
\node (A) {};
\path (A) edge[loop left,looseness=5,->,in=315,out=45] (A);
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{Body action middle}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Event schemas\label{fig:refmid-events}\pagenr{71}}
\end{figure}
The relationship between two-participant, reflexive, middle and one-participant can be summarised as in \autoref{fig:middle-transitivity-line} below.
Two-participant events have two distinct participants filling two semantic roles in an asymmetric relation.
Reflexive events behave in the same way, but have one entity fulfilling both roles.
For reflexive events, there is a distinction between the agent and the patient, while for middle events, there is not.
This absence of differentiation causes it to lie further away from the two-participant event type\pagenr{72}.
\begin{figure*}[t]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=8em,scale=0.9]
\node (a) {Two-participant};
\node[right of=a] (b) {Reflexive};
\node[right of=b] (c) {Middle};
\node[right of=c] (d) {One-participant};
\node[xshift=-5em,yshift=-1em] at (a) (plus) {+};
\node[xshift=5em, yshift=-1em] at (d) (min) {-};
\draw[<->] (plus) -- (min)
node[below,midway] {Degree of distinguishability of participants};
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{Distinguishability of participants\label{fig:middle-transitivity-line}\pagenr{73}}
\end{figure*}
\subsubsection*{Indirect situation types}
Indirect reflexives occur when
(a) a verb has three participants (Agent, Patient and Recipient or Beneficiary),
(b) the Agent is coreferent with the Recipient/Beneficiary and
(c) the Agent and the Recipient/Beneficiary are normally distinct\pagenr{74}.
This is depicted in \autoref{fig:event-indref}.
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=1cm,every node/.style={circle,draw},scale=0.9,>=stealth]
\node (A) {};
\node[right of=A] (B) {};
\node[right of=B] (C) {};
\draw[->] (A) -- (B);
\draw[->,dashed] (B) -- (C);
\path (A) edge[bend left,dotted] (C);
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{Event schema for the indirect reflexive\label{fig:event-indref}\pagenr{77}}
\end{figure}
The indirect middle comprises actions that one \emph{normally} or \emph{necessarily} performs for one's own benefit
(which is different from an indirect middle in that it violates property (c) above)\pagenr{78}.
}
\end{document}
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