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\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[top=2cm]{geometry}
\usepackage[british]{babel}
\usepackage{stfloats}
\usepackage{handouts}
\usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage[font=small]{caption}
\title{\Large Handout of ``Transitivity in Grammar and Discourse''\footnote{Paul J. Hopper and Sandra A. Thompson (1980).}}
\author{Camil Staps}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\summary{
Transitivity is traditionally understood as a global property of an entire clause,
but in this paper the authors look at different transitivity features that lower level clause elements are marked for\pagenr{251}.
\parnote{%
These features are
\term{participants} (2+, A and O --- 1),
\term{kinesis} (action --- non-action),
\term{aspect} (telic --- atelic),
\term{punctuality},
\term{volitionality},
\term{affirmation},
\term{mode} (realis --- irrealis),
\term{agency},
\term{affectedness of O},
\term{individuation of O}.
}
The hypothesis is that when two phrases are marked for any of these features,
their markings are at the same end of the transitivity scale\pagenr{255}.
This does not predict whether a phrase is marked or not.
Transitivity features may be manifested both morphosyntactically and semantically.
The hypothesis itself is supported by a lot of data,
but this data only shows correlation, no causation\pagenr{280}.
In other words, we are looking for a communicative reason why all the transitivity features would correlate.
This reason is the concept of grounding:
\term{background} is that part of discourse which does not vitally contribute to the speaker's goal,
as opposed to \term{foreground}.
All the transitivity features correlate logically with this concept.
The hypothesis supports the traditional understanding that transitivity is a feature of a clause\pagenr{294}.
When a particular feature is foregrounded depends on the distinction between foregrounded and backgrounded discourse.
Hence, properties that are irrelevant to foregrounding are also irrelevant to transitivity.
}
\end{document}
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