diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'benton-handout.tex')
| -rw-r--r-- | benton-handout.tex | 28 |
1 files changed, 21 insertions, 7 deletions
diff --git a/benton-handout.tex b/benton-handout.tex index e4f8263..2f2d415 100644 --- a/benton-handout.tex +++ b/benton-handout.tex @@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ \maketitle \summary{ + \subsection*{Voice and aspect in linguistics} The problem with the Niphal and Hitpael stems is both (a) \term{internal overlap}, that each stem covers more than one functional area (passive, middle and reflexive), and @@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ } \summary{ - \subsection*{Aspect} + \subsubsection*{Aspect} Benton takes from Keenan (1985) the idea that when a language has multiple passives, they are distinguished by \term{aspect}\pagenr{102}. \criticism{ @@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ } \summary{ - \subsection*{Passive} + \subsubsection*{Passive} Benton distinguishes the semantical \term{Agent} (A)\note{volitionally performs an action, typically affecting another entity}, \term{Patient} (O)\note{undergoes the action of the Agent} and @@ -92,12 +93,12 @@ and ``The man entered the building,'' where `man' is an A: the \emph{syntactical} roles differ, while the \emph{semantical} roles are identical}. - An A is logical, psychological, semantic and grammatical subject\pagenr{118}. - All these aspects can be demoted, but demotion can be restricted to some types of subject, depending on the language. + An A is logical, psychological, semantic and grammatical subsubject\pagenr{118}. + All these aspects can be demoted, but demotion can be restricted to some types of subsubject, depending on the language. } \summary{ - \subsection*{Middle} + \subsubsection*{Middle} The middle voice presents a large formal and functional variety between languages\pagenr{128}. In cognitive linguistics, scholars look for the middle's prototype\pagenr{131}. According to Manney, passive and middle are used in similar situations, @@ -130,13 +131,13 @@ Semiticists focus on the S/O relationship in the middle\pagenr{151}. Creason stresses that the participant acts upon itself or in its own interest, therefore having two roles. - This makes reflexive a subclass to middle. + This makes reflexive a subsubclass to middle. This is a too narrow definition% \note{several examples are mentioned, e.g. ``This book reads easily''}. } \summary{ - \subsection*{Summary of passive and middle voice} + \subsubsection*{Summary of passive and middle voice} Both middle and passive demote A. Active focuses on energy from A, while passive and middle focus on the trajectory towards S. @@ -421,4 +422,17 @@ For example, wisdom literature tends to describe the way people should act, which makes the Hitpael more appropriate. } +\summary{ + \subsection*{Conclusions} + This research shows nuances to the function of the passive that other Hebraists have failed to recognise: + that object promotion is not necessary, + that reflexive and passive are not always distinguishable\pagenr{372}. + We have explored the reflexive and middle concepts further using cross-linguistic research\pagenr{373}, + yet made clear that it is not possible to fit Indo-European concepts on Biblical Hebrew\pagenr{376}. + + A significant amount of external overlap between Niphal and Hitpael has been removed by a distinction on situation aspect. + This provides insights concerning the focus an author wants to put on an event, + and concerning the meaning of verbs that occur only or primarily in one stem. +} + \end{document} |