Benton: 20 more pages

1 files changed, 94 insertions, 13 deletions

diff --git a/benton-handout.tex b/benton-handout.tex
index fec770c..b592963 100644
--- a/benton-handout.tex
+++ b/benton-handout.tex
@@ -58,22 +58,26 @@
 			which presents features of a situation.
 	Different kinds of situation aspect can be categorised by the features
 		static--dynamic, durative--instantaneous and telic--atelic.
-	Based on Smith and Pustejovsky, different types of events can be depicted in diagrams\pagenr{108--9}
-		(see \autoref{fig:situation-transitions}).
+	Based on Smith and Pustejovsky, different types of events can be depicted in diagrams\pagenr{108--9}%
+		\note{see \autoref{fig:situation-transitions}}.
 	Different aspects may be communicated lexically, contextually and morphologically, depending on the language\pagenr{112}.
 
-	\begin{figure*}[b]
-		\centering
-		\situationtransition{$\dots$}{$\lnot$built}{$\lnot$built}{built}{built}{built}{$\dots$}
-		
-		\vspace*{1em}
-		\situationtransition{}{}{}{reached}{reached}{reached}{$\dots$}
-		
-		\vspace*{1em}
-		\situationtransition{}{}{}{tapped}{}{}{}
+	\plainnote{
+		\begin{figure*}[b]
+			\centering
+			\color{black}
 
-		\caption{Different types of events: accomplishment, achievement and semelfactive.\label{fig:situation-transitions}}
-	\end{figure*}
+			\situationtransition{$\dots$}{$\lnot$built}{$\lnot$built}{built}{built}{built}{$\dots$}
+
+			\vspace*{1em}
+			\situationtransition{}{}{}{reached}{reached}{reached}{$\dots$}
+
+			\vspace*{1em}
+			\situationtransition{}{}{}{tapped}{}{}{}
+
+			\caption{Different types of events: accomplishment, achievement and semelfactive.\label{fig:situation-transitions}}
+		\end{figure*}
+	}
 }
 
 \summary{
@@ -123,6 +127,83 @@
 
 	Like the passive, the middle demotes the A, but unlike the passive, an A can be a middle-S.
 	When the A is S, A is demoted by reducing its agency and volition\pagenr{139}.
+
+	Semiticists focus on the S/O relationship in the middle\pagenr{151}.
+	Creason stresses that the participant acts upon itself or in its own interest, therefore having two roles.
+	This makes reflexive a subclass to middle.
+	This is a too narrow definition%
+		\note{several examples are mentioned, e.g. ``This book reads easily''}.
+}
+
+\summary{
+	\subsubsection*{Summary of passive and middle voice}
+	Both middle and passive demote A.
+	Active focuses on energy from A,
+		while passive and middle focus on the trajectory towards S.
+	The S has reduced agentivity and volition compared to A.
+	Hence, both voices may promote O to S (if it exists).
+	This functional and syntactic overlap explains external overlap\pagenr{156}.
+	\note{Characteristics are summarised in \autoref{tab:passive-middle-characteristics}.}
+	That passive and middle are defined by the same argument relationships explains internal overlap\pagenr{157}.
+	\criticism{It is unclear if there is a difference between the reasons for internal and external overlap.}
+
+	\plainnote{
+		\begin{table*}[b]
+			\centering
+			\begin{tabular}{p{14em} p{14em}}
+				\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Passive}}
+					& \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Middle}} \\\hline
+				\multicolumn{2}{c}{Event trajectory towards S} \\
+				\multicolumn{2}{c}{A-demotion definitive} \\
+				\multicolumn{2}{c}{O-promotion common} \\
+				\multicolumn{2}{c}{Reduced agency and volition of S} \\
+				Possible with 1-participant verb, A$\neq$S
+					& Possible with 1-participant verb, A$\neq$S or A$=$S \\
+				Overlap with reflexive rare
+					& Overlap with reflexive common
+			\end{tabular}
+			\caption{Passive and middle characteristics\pagenr{157}\label{tab:passive-middle-characteristics}}
+		\end{table*}
+	}
+}
+
+\note{%
+	\autoref{fig:voice-hierarchy} shows the voice hierarchy as proposed by Benton\pagenr{158},
+	which shows that passive \emph{function} can be performed by both middle and passive \emph{voice}.}
+\plainnote{
+	\begin{figure}[h]
+		\centering
+		\color{black}
+		\begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=3em,scale=0.9,every node/.style={rectangle,draw}]
+			\node (event) {Event};
+			\node[below left of=event] (active) {Active};
+			\node[below right of=event] (passive) {Passive};
+			\node[below left of=passive,xshift=-1.2em] (middle) {Middle form};
+			\node[below right of=passive,xshift=1.2em] (passivef) {Passive form};
+
+			\draw (event) -> (active);
+			\draw (event) -> (passive);
+			\draw (passive) -> (middle);
+			\draw (passive) -> (passivef);
+		\end{tikzpicture}
+		\caption{Voice hierarchy\label{fig:voice-hierarchy}}
+	\end{figure}
+}
+
+\summary{
+	Besides demoting A, aspect is another defining feature of the passive voice in Hebrew.
+	A passive can often represent both a state and an action, depending on the context\pagenr{159}.
+	The passive seems to relate to the resultative aspect%
+		\note{%
+			``The letter was weighed by John'' vs. ``Two oz. was weighed by the letter''}%
+		\pagenr{162}.
+
+	The middle describes a \emph{property} unfolded on the S%
+		\note{%
+			Compare ``The book was read easily'' (passive)
+			and ``The book reads easily'' (middle)}\pagenr{165},
+		or the property of a process unfolding on the S\pagenr{167}.
+	In some languages, the middle can be both eventive and stative.
 }
 
 \end{document}