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authorCamil Staps2016-10-17 14:57:45 +0200
committerCamil Staps2016-10-17 14:57:45 +0200
commit11d18ddd54c9189a37edcb15183bb2e75d88c65d (patch)
treee926a06e15a7e9613c82ee61e037ebf51d89b869
parentStart Kemmer (diff)
Continuing Kemmer
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@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@
\usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref}
\usepackage{tikz}
+\usetikzlibrary{arrows}
\usepackage[font=small]{caption}
+\usepackage{subcaption}
\title{\Large Handout of ``The Middle Voice''\footnote{Suzanne Kemmer (1993).}}
\author{Camil Staps}
@@ -53,6 +55,84 @@
Also \term{nontranslational motion} verbs\note{turn, twist, bend (e.g. one's head)}
are often expressed using middle forms\pagenr{56},
as are verbs of \term{translational motion}\note{fly, flee, run, etc.}\pagenr{57}.
+
+ All these verbs may be marked differently from reflexive and two-participant verbs because coreference is expected.
+ The actions of e.g. self-washing are also different from being washed or washing something else\pagenr{60}.
+
+ Reflexive markers may be added when more distinguishability of the participants is required\pagenr{66}.
+ This indicates that the {\RM} may have this function in a reflexive context as well.
+ \parnote{And indeed, even though the participants in a reflexive context are coreferent, some degree of individuation is maintained.}
+
+ \subsubsection*{Event schemas}
+ We can graphically depict the results from the previous sections in \autoref{fig:refmid-events}.
+
+ \begin{figure}[h]
+ \begin{subfigure}[b]{.5\linewidth}
+ \centering
+ \begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=1cm,every node/.style={circle,draw},scale=0.9,>=stealth]
+ \node (A) {};
+ \node[right of=A] (B) {};
+ \draw[->] (A) -- (B);
+ \path (A) edge[bend left,dotted] (B);
+ \end{tikzpicture}
+ \caption{Reflexive}
+ \end{subfigure}%
+ \begin{subfigure}[b]{.5\linewidth}
+ \centering
+ \begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=2cm,every node/.style={circle,draw},scale=0.9,>=stealth]
+ \node (A) {};
+ \path (A) edge[loop left,looseness=5,->,in=315,out=45] (A);
+ \end{tikzpicture}
+ \caption{Body action middle}
+ \end{subfigure}
+ \caption{Event schemas\label{fig:refmid-events}\pagenr{71}}
+ \end{figure}
+
+ The relationship between two-participant, reflexive, middle and one-participant can be summarised as in \autoref{fig:middle-transitivity-line} below.
+ Two-participant events have two distinct participants filling two semantic roles in an asymmetric relation.
+ Reflexive events behave in the same way, but have one entity fulfilling both roles.
+ For reflexive events, there is a distinction between the agent and the patient, while for middle events, there is not.
+ This absence of differentiation causes it to lie further away from the two-participant event type\pagenr{72}.
+
+ \begin{figure*}[t]
+ \centering
+ \begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=8em,scale=0.9]
+ \node (a) {Two-participant};
+ \node[right of=a] (b) {Reflexive};
+ \node[right of=b] (c) {Middle};
+ \node[right of=c] (d) {One-participant};
+
+ \node[xshift=-5em,yshift=-1em] at (a) (plus) {+};
+ \node[xshift=5em, yshift=-1em] at (d) (min) {-};
+
+ \draw[<->] (plus) -- (min)
+ node[below,midway] {Degree of distinguishability of participants};
+ \end{tikzpicture}
+ \caption{Distinguishability of participants\label{fig:middle-transitivity-line}\pagenr{73}}
+ \end{figure*}
+
+ \subsubsection*{Indirect situation types}
+ Indirect reflexives occur when
+ (a) a verb has three participants (Agent, Patient and Recipient or Beneficiary),
+ (b) the Agent is coreferent with the Recipient/Beneficiary and
+ (c) the Agent and the Recipient/Beneficiary are normally distinct\pagenr{74}.
+ This is depicted in \autoref{fig:event-indref}.
+
+ \begin{figure}[h]
+ \centering
+ \begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=1cm,every node/.style={circle,draw},scale=0.9,>=stealth]
+ \node (A) {};
+ \node[right of=A] (B) {};
+ \node[right of=B] (C) {};
+ \draw[->] (A) -- (B);
+ \draw[->,dashed] (B) -- (C);
+ \path (A) edge[bend left,dotted] (C);
+ \end{tikzpicture}
+ \caption{Event schema for the indirect reflexive\label{fig:event-indref}\pagenr{77}}
+ \end{figure}
+
+ The indirect middle comprises actions that one \emph{normally} or \emph{necessarily} performs for one's own benefit
+ (which is different from an indirect middle in that it violates property (c) above)\pagenr{78}.
}
\end{document}