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author | Camil Staps | 2016-10-17 14:57:45 +0200 |
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committer | Camil Staps | 2016-10-17 14:57:45 +0200 |
commit | 11d18ddd54c9189a37edcb15183bb2e75d88c65d (patch) | |
tree | e926a06e15a7e9613c82ee61e037ebf51d89b869 | |
parent | Start Kemmer (diff) |
Continuing Kemmer
-rw-r--r-- | kemmer-handout.tex | 80 |
1 files changed, 80 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/kemmer-handout.tex b/kemmer-handout.tex index 5ab0f54..1d4198f 100644 --- a/kemmer-handout.tex +++ b/kemmer-handout.tex @@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ \usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref} \usepackage{tikz} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows} \usepackage[font=small]{caption} +\usepackage{subcaption} \title{\Large Handout of ``The Middle Voice''\footnote{Suzanne Kemmer (1993).}} \author{Camil Staps} @@ -53,6 +55,84 @@ Also \term{nontranslational motion} verbs\note{turn, twist, bend (e.g. one's head)} are often expressed using middle forms\pagenr{56}, as are verbs of \term{translational motion}\note{fly, flee, run, etc.}\pagenr{57}. + + All these verbs may be marked differently from reflexive and two-participant verbs because coreference is expected. + The actions of e.g. self-washing are also different from being washed or washing something else\pagenr{60}. + + Reflexive markers may be added when more distinguishability of the participants is required\pagenr{66}. + This indicates that the {\RM} may have this function in a reflexive context as well. + \parnote{And indeed, even though the participants in a reflexive context are coreferent, some degree of individuation is maintained.} + + \subsubsection*{Event schemas} + We can graphically depict the results from the previous sections in \autoref{fig:refmid-events}. + + \begin{figure}[h] + \begin{subfigure}[b]{.5\linewidth} + \centering + \begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=1cm,every node/.style={circle,draw},scale=0.9,>=stealth] + \node (A) {}; + \node[right of=A] (B) {}; + \draw[->] (A) -- (B); + \path (A) edge[bend left,dotted] (B); + \end{tikzpicture} + \caption{Reflexive} + \end{subfigure}% + \begin{subfigure}[b]{.5\linewidth} + \centering + \begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=2cm,every node/.style={circle,draw},scale=0.9,>=stealth] + \node (A) {}; + \path (A) edge[loop left,looseness=5,->,in=315,out=45] (A); + \end{tikzpicture} + \caption{Body action middle} + \end{subfigure} + \caption{Event schemas\label{fig:refmid-events}\pagenr{71}} + \end{figure} + + The relationship between two-participant, reflexive, middle and one-participant can be summarised as in \autoref{fig:middle-transitivity-line} below. + Two-participant events have two distinct participants filling two semantic roles in an asymmetric relation. + Reflexive events behave in the same way, but have one entity fulfilling both roles. + For reflexive events, there is a distinction between the agent and the patient, while for middle events, there is not. + This absence of differentiation causes it to lie further away from the two-participant event type\pagenr{72}. + + \begin{figure*}[t] + \centering + \begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=8em,scale=0.9] + \node (a) {Two-participant}; + \node[right of=a] (b) {Reflexive}; + \node[right of=b] (c) {Middle}; + \node[right of=c] (d) {One-participant}; + + \node[xshift=-5em,yshift=-1em] at (a) (plus) {+}; + \node[xshift=5em, yshift=-1em] at (d) (min) {-}; + + \draw[<->] (plus) -- (min) + node[below,midway] {Degree of distinguishability of participants}; + \end{tikzpicture} + \caption{Distinguishability of participants\label{fig:middle-transitivity-line}\pagenr{73}} + \end{figure*} + + \subsubsection*{Indirect situation types} + Indirect reflexives occur when + (a) a verb has three participants (Agent, Patient and Recipient or Beneficiary), + (b) the Agent is coreferent with the Recipient/Beneficiary and + (c) the Agent and the Recipient/Beneficiary are normally distinct\pagenr{74}. + This is depicted in \autoref{fig:event-indref}. + + \begin{figure}[h] + \centering + \begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=1cm,every node/.style={circle,draw},scale=0.9,>=stealth] + \node (A) {}; + \node[right of=A] (B) {}; + \node[right of=B] (C) {}; + \draw[->] (A) -- (B); + \draw[->,dashed] (B) -- (C); + \path (A) edge[bend left,dotted] (C); + \end{tikzpicture} + \caption{Event schema for the indirect reflexive\label{fig:event-indref}\pagenr{77}} + \end{figure} + + The indirect middle comprises actions that one \emph{normally} or \emph{necessarily} performs for one's own benefit + (which is different from an indirect middle in that it violates property (c) above)\pagenr{78}. } \end{document} |