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| -rw-r--r-- | .gitignore | 19 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | log.md | 10 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | thesis/approach.tex | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | thesis/differences.tex | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | thesis/fix-storing-pc.tex | 65 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | thesis/thesis.bib | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | thesis/thesis.tex | 25 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | thesis/ual.sty | 3 |
8 files changed, 139 insertions, 9 deletions
@@ -1,29 +1,30 @@ -*.aux -*.glo -*.idx -*.fdb_latexmk -*.fls -*.log -*.toc -*.ist +*-blx.bib *.acn *.acr *.alg +*.aux *.bbl *.blg *.dvi +*.fdb_latexmk +*.fls *.glg +*.glo *.gls +*.idx *.ilg *.ind +*.ist *.lof +*.log *.lot *.maf *.mtc *.mtc1 *.out *.pdf +*.run.xml *.swp *.synctex.gz +*.toc _minted-*/ - @@ -77,3 +77,13 @@ should add 11 instead of 9. A quick fix is to use `.align`, which inserts a directives like `.align` where you could yourself decide what is added depending on the current alignment (see http://stackoverflow.com/q/39582517/1544337 for this). + +### 2016-09-27 + +See also https://community.arm.com/thread/2341 about the PC offset when +reading. + +Started working on the actual text: wrote about + +- Approach: why no ARM/Thumb-2 interworking +- Difficulties with storing the program counter diff --git a/thesis/approach.tex b/thesis/approach.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6a7e852 --- /dev/null +++ b/thesis/approach.tex @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +\section{Approach} +\label{sec:approach} + +It is possible to mix ARM and Thumb instructions: +\enquote{[t]he ARM and Thumb instruction sets are designed to \emph{interwork} freely}~\citep{armv7m}. +We could therefore decide to generate code for some sections using ARM instructions, and for other using Thumb instructions. +This could potentially give better end results, +if the code generator would recognise which instruction set is best in what case. +However, some architectures, like ARMv7-M, only support Thumb instructions. +I choose to look at Thumb instructions only, +so that the widest range of architectures possible can be supported. diff --git a/thesis/differences.tex b/thesis/differences.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c89e683 --- /dev/null +++ b/thesis/differences.tex @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +\section{Differences} +\label{sec:differences} + +\input{fix-storing-pc} diff --git a/thesis/fix-storing-pc.tex b/thesis/fix-storing-pc.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3b96314 --- /dev/null +++ b/thesis/fix-storing-pc.tex @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +\subsection{Storing the program counter} +\label{sec:fix-storing-pc} +The first issue I ran into is that of storing the program counter. +Storing the program counter on the stack is something done commonly in many languages during a function call. + +\subsubsection{ARM code example} +Usually, an offset to the actual program counter at the moment of the store instruction is stored, +to allow for a branch after that instruction, and have the callee return to the address after that branch. +The ARM architecture accommodates for this: an instruction that reads the program counter, actually reads + \enquote{the address of the current instruction plus 8}~\cite[A2.3]{armv7ar}. +The following ARM assembly example illustrates this (\texttt{armstartup.s:540-2}): + +\begin{minted}{ual} + str pc,[sp,#-4]! @ 0x20 Store PC on the stack + bl init_clean @ 0x24 Branch to init_clean + tst r4,r4 @ 0x28 +\end{minted} + +Dummy addresses have been indicated in comments. +When execution arrives at \ual{0x20}, the program counter is set to \ual{0x20}. +Per the above documentation, \ual{str} stores \ual{0x20+8} on the stack% + \footnote{\ual{[sp,#-4]!} + indicates that the stack pointer should be decreased by four before storing the program counter on the stack. + It has nothing to do with the 8 offset that is added to the program counter itself.}. +The processor branches to \ual{init_clean}, + which loads the value from the stack back into the program counter to return to the caller. +The program counter is then \ual{0x28}. +For the next instruction cycle, the \ual{tst} command is executed. + +\subsubsection{Problems in Thumb-2} +There are two reasons why the above cannot be used in Thumb-2 code. + +First, \ual{pc} is not allowed as the first operand to a \ual{str} instruction. +Hence, we need to first move \ual{pc} to an auxiliary register, and then push that on the stack. +We then get: + +\begin{minted}{ual} + add lr,pc,#9 @ 0x20 Save PC+4+9 to LR + str lr,[sp,#-4]! @ 0x24 Store LR on the stack + bl init_clean @ 0x28 Branch to init_clean + tst r4,r4 @ 0x2c +\end{minted} + +We store the value \ual{0x2d}. +This address points to the \ual{tst} instruction as before, with the LSB set to 1 to indicate Thumb mode. + +The second problem we meet is that the instruction to store the program counter may be halfword-aligned rather than word-aligned. +We saw above that a read of the program counter in ARM mode reads as PC+8. +In Thumb mode this is more complicated. +In this case, we + \enquote{[r]ead the word-aligned PC value, that is, + the address of the current instruction + 4, + with bits [1:0] forced to zero}~\cite[A5.1.2]{armv7m}. +This means that when the \ual{add} instruction above is at \ual{0x22}, + we will still store \ual{0x2d} on the stack, + since the word-aligned program counter is \ual{0x20} as before. +However, in this case \ual{bl} is located at \ual{0x2a}, and since this is a 32 bits instruction we point to the middle of that instruction. + +In hand-written code, we can solve this by adding labels for the addresses we want to store on the stack. +In generated code, we need to keep track of the current alignment and add either \ual{9} or \ual{11} to the read program counter. + +\subsubsection{Complexity analysis} +To be done. For every occurrence: + +Code size: +1 word; instructions: +1 diff --git a/thesis/thesis.bib b/thesis/thesis.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..70a9a2d --- /dev/null +++ b/thesis/thesis.bib @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +@manual{armv7ar, + title="ARM Architecture Reference Manual. ARMv7-A and ARMv7-R edition", + organization="ARM Limited", + year=1996 +} + +@manual{armv7m, + title="ARMv7-M Architecture Reference Manual", + organization="ARM Limited", + year=2006 +} diff --git a/thesis/thesis.tex b/thesis/thesis.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..885a1cb --- /dev/null +++ b/thesis/thesis.tex @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +\documentclass[a4paper,twoside]{article} + +\usepackage[british]{babel} +\usepackage[babel=true]{csquotes} +\usepackage[usenames,dvipsnames,svgnames,table]{xcolor} +\definecolor{linkcolor}{rgb}{0,0.65,0} +\definecolor{citecolor}{rgb}{0.65,0,0} +\definecolor{urlcolor}{rgb}{0,0,0.65} +\usepackage[colorlinks=true,linkcolor=linkcolor,urlcolor=urlcolor,citecolor=citecolor]{hyperref} +\usepackage{natbib} + +\usepackage{ual} + +\title{Code generation for Thumb-2 processors} +\author{Camil Staps} + +\begin{document} + +\input{approach} +\input{differences} + +\bibliographystyle{plainnat} +\bibliography{thesis} + +\end{document} diff --git a/thesis/ual.sty b/thesis/ual.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d725b82 --- /dev/null +++ b/thesis/ual.sty @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +\RequirePackage{minted} + +\newmintinline[ual]{ual}{} |