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\title{\Large Handout of ``The Middle Voice''\footnote{Suzanne Kemmer (1993).}}
\author{Camil Staps}

\newcommand{\RM}[0]{\textsc{rm}}

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\subsection*{Reflexive and Associated Middle Situation Types}
\summary{
	\subsubsection*{The direct reflexive}
	According to Faltz (1977), the archetypal semantically reflexive context is a simple two-participant clause
		where one participant is Agent or Experiencer and the other a Patient, while both refer to the same entity\pagenr{42}.
	This is the semantic prototype, since whenever a language marks coreference in other situtations,
		it also does in this situation\pagenr{43}.
	This reflexive is called the \term{direct reflexive}.
	It is defined by
		\term{coreference}, narrowed down by
		\term{scope}\note{only simple clauses} and
		\term{thematic roles}\note{Agent/Experiencer and Patient (Faltz)/Stimulus(Kemmer)}.

	A \term{reflexive marker} (\RM) is
		``a productive grammatical device that is used obligatorily
		to mark direct reflexive contexts in at least the third person''\pagenr{47}.
	All reflexive-marking languages use {\RM}s in the direct reflexive,
		which is a second indicator that this is the semantic reflexive prototype.

	The direct reflexive is a special case of a \term{two-participant event}.
	The prototypical two-participant event has a human Agent act volitionally,
		exerting physical force on an inanimate definite Patient,
		which is directly affected by that event\pagenr{50}.
	\parnote{This definition can be easily extended to include mental state- and perception-verbs,
		using Experiencer/Stimulus terminology and/or the Initiator/Endpoint macroroles\pagenr{51}.}

	\subsubsection*{Body action middles}
	\term{Grooming actions} often have different markings than reflexive verbs,
		so they are not a subset of the reflexive situation type\pagenr{54}.
	\term{Changes in body posture}\note{stand (up); sit (down); lie (down)}
		often appear as bare intransitives and therefore cannot be seen as direct reflexives either\pagenr{55}.
	Also \term{nontranslational motion} verbs\note{turn, twist, bend (e.g. one's head)}
	are often expressed using middle forms\pagenr{56},
		as are verbs of \term{translational motion}\note{fly, flee, run, etc.}\pagenr{57}.
}

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