\documentclass[a4paper]{article} \usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref} \usepackage[top=2cm]{geometry} \usepackage[font=small]{caption} \usepackage{handouts} \usepackage{polyglossia} \setdefaultlanguage{british} \setotherlanguage{hebrew} \newfontfamily\dutchfont[Mapping=tex-text]{Latin Modern Roman} \newfontfamily\hebrewfont[Scale=MatchLowercase]{Ezra SIL} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\ez}{\hebrewfont} \usepackage{stfloats} \usepackage{subcaption} \usepackage{enumitem} \title{\large Handout of ``Voice in Classical Hebrew against Its Semitic Background''\footnote{Holger Gzella in \emph{Orientalia} (2009).}} \author{Camil Staps} \begin{document} \maketitle Semitic languages generally express the semantic distinction between active and non-active using \term{verbal stems}\pagenr{292}. There is a base stem (the \term{G-stem}) and three principal derived stems: the \term{D-stem}, where the middle root consonant is lengthened; the \term{C-stem}, which expresses causativity; and the \term{N-stem}, which has a prefix starting with /n-/ and at least in some cases serves as the medio-passive of the G-stem\pagenrs{293--4}. An infix /t/ may be used to indicate reflexivity, reciprocality or medio-passiveness. Many verbs derived from nouns do not occur in the G-stem. Also, over time, usage often tends to shift away from the G-stem. Therefore, the description in this paragraph is very rough\pagenr{296}. In Central Semitic languages\note{Hebrew, Aramaic, Ugaritic, Arabic, and others}, \term{internal passives} (where the consonantal skeleton remains unchanged) of the G, D and C stems exist\pagenr{297}. \parnote{For an overview of the functions associated to the different stems, see p.~300.} In Hebrew, the Gt and Ct stems seem to have disappeared, the internal passive Gp only survives in residual forms but the other (medio-)passive and reflexive stems\note{N, Dt, Dp, Cp} remain\pagenr{303}. The surviving forms seem to have absorbed some of the functions of the abolished ones. \end{document}