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\title{\Large Handout of selected passages from ``Cognitive Linguistics: an Introduction''\footnote{V. Evans and M. Green (2006).}}
\author{Camil Staps}

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\maketitle

\summary{
	\subsection*{Perspective: trajector-landmark organisation and deixis}
	The perspective from which a scene is viewed has consequences for the relative prominence of its participants\pagenr{541}.
	The grammatical functions subject and object are reflections of perspective.
	The subject is a trajector (TR); the object, a landmark (LM).
	Under passivization, a clause's TR and LM flip,
		but the semantical subject (energy source, see below) and object (energy sink) do not.

	Perspective also includes subjectivity:
		when a sentence is objectively construed, the ground is made explicit%
			\note{I like cats};
		when a sentence is subjectively construed, it is not%
			\note{Cats are nice}\pagenr{544}.

	\subsection*{Grammatical functions and transitivity}
	The prototypical action of a transitive verb is an energy transfer from the Agent to the Patient\pagenr{601}.
	The prototypical action chain can be depicted as in \autoref{fig:action-chain}.
	Depending on the sentence, different components may be highlighted,
	but in any sentence the subject (be it Agent, Instrument or Patient)
		is the closest to the energy source out of the participants profiled\pagenr{603}.

	\begin{figure}[h]
		\centering
		\footnotesize
		\begin{tikzpicture}[every node/.style={draw,minimum width=1.6em},node distance=6em,->]
			\node[circle,label=below:Agent] (A) {};
			\node[circle,right of=A,label=below:Instrument] (I) {};
			\node[circle,right of=I,label=below:Patient] (P) {};

			\draw (A) -- (I);
			\draw (I) -- (P);
		\end{tikzpicture}
		\caption{Prototypical action chain\pagenr{603}\label{fig:action-chain}}
	\end{figure}

	Different semantic roles can be categorised according to a thematic hierarchy (Fillmore 1968).
	How many roles there are, what labels they should be given,
		and if they should be categorised or seen as on a prototypical scale, remain points of debate\pagenr{604}.

	Experiencer-Stimulus relations don't display energy transfer,
		but often still have a notation of directionality%
		\note{e.g. `She loves him'}.
	When there is no directionality%
		\note{e.g. `He resembles George Clooney'},
		the speaker chooses to focus attention on one particular participant\pagenr{605}.

	Since the subject is upstream in terms of energy flow,
		a clause may have a subject and no object, but not vice versa%
		\note{the object is meaningless without a subject}.
	Such intransitive clauses still profile relations,
		since they describe an interaction of the subject with itself
		or a change in the world.
}

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