From 11d18ddd54c9189a37edcb15183bb2e75d88c65d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Camil Staps
Date: Mon, 17 Oct 2016 14:57:45 +0200
Subject: Continuing Kemmer

---
 kemmer-handout.tex | 80 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 80 insertions(+)

(limited to 'kemmer-handout.tex')

diff --git a/kemmer-handout.tex b/kemmer-handout.tex
index 5ab0f54..1d4198f 100644
--- a/kemmer-handout.tex
+++ b/kemmer-handout.tex
@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@
 
 \usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref}
 \usepackage{tikz}
+\usetikzlibrary{arrows}
 \usepackage[font=small]{caption}
+\usepackage{subcaption}
 
 \title{\Large Handout of ``The Middle Voice''\footnote{Suzanne Kemmer (1993).}}
 \author{Camil Staps}
@@ -53,6 +55,84 @@
 	Also \term{nontranslational motion} verbs\note{turn, twist, bend (e.g. one's head)}
 	are often expressed using middle forms\pagenr{56},
 		as are verbs of \term{translational motion}\note{fly, flee, run, etc.}\pagenr{57}.
+
+	All these verbs may be marked differently from reflexive and two-participant verbs because coreference is expected.
+	The actions of e.g. self-washing are also different from being washed or washing something else\pagenr{60}.
+
+	Reflexive markers may be added when more distinguishability of the participants is required\pagenr{66}.
+	This indicates that the {\RM} may have this function in a reflexive context as well.
+	\parnote{And indeed, even though the participants in a reflexive context are coreferent, some degree of individuation is maintained.}
+
+	\subsubsection*{Event schemas}
+	We can graphically depict the results from the previous sections in \autoref{fig:refmid-events}.
+
+	\begin{figure}[h]
+		\begin{subfigure}[b]{.5\linewidth}
+			\centering
+			\begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=1cm,every node/.style={circle,draw},scale=0.9,>=stealth]
+				\node (A) {};
+				\node[right of=A] (B) {};
+				\draw[->] (A) -- (B);
+				\path (A) edge[bend left,dotted] (B);
+			\end{tikzpicture}
+			\caption{Reflexive}
+		\end{subfigure}%
+		\begin{subfigure}[b]{.5\linewidth}
+			\centering
+			\begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=2cm,every node/.style={circle,draw},scale=0.9,>=stealth]
+				\node (A) {};
+				\path (A) edge[loop left,looseness=5,->,in=315,out=45] (A);
+			\end{tikzpicture}
+			\caption{Body action middle}
+		\end{subfigure}
+		\caption{Event schemas\label{fig:refmid-events}\pagenr{71}}
+	\end{figure}
+
+	The relationship between two-participant, reflexive, middle and one-participant can be summarised as in \autoref{fig:middle-transitivity-line} below.
+	Two-participant events have two distinct participants filling two semantic roles in an asymmetric relation.
+	Reflexive events behave in the same way, but have one entity fulfilling both roles.
+	For reflexive events, there is a distinction between the agent and the patient, while for middle events, there is not.
+	This absence of differentiation causes it to lie further away from the two-participant event type\pagenr{72}.
+
+	\begin{figure*}[t]
+		\centering
+		\begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=8em,scale=0.9]
+			\node             (a) {Two-participant};
+			\node[right of=a] (b) {Reflexive};
+			\node[right of=b] (c) {Middle};
+			\node[right of=c] (d) {One-participant};
+
+			\node[xshift=-5em,yshift=-1em] at (a) (plus) {+};
+			\node[xshift=5em, yshift=-1em] at (d) (min)  {-};
+
+			\draw[<->] (plus) -- (min)
+				node[below,midway] {Degree of distinguishability of participants};
+		\end{tikzpicture}
+		\caption{Distinguishability of participants\label{fig:middle-transitivity-line}\pagenr{73}}
+	\end{figure*}
+
+	\subsubsection*{Indirect situation types}
+	Indirect reflexives occur when
+		(a) a verb has three participants (Agent, Patient and Recipient or Beneficiary),
+		(b) the Agent is coreferent with the Recipient/Beneficiary and
+		(c) the Agent and the Recipient/Beneficiary are normally distinct\pagenr{74}.
+	This is depicted in \autoref{fig:event-indref}.
+
+	\begin{figure}[h]
+		\centering
+		\begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=1cm,every node/.style={circle,draw},scale=0.9,>=stealth]
+			\node (A) {};
+			\node[right of=A] (B) {};
+			\node[right of=B] (C) {};
+			\draw[->] (A) -- (B);
+			\draw[->,dashed] (B) -- (C);
+			\path (A) edge[bend left,dotted] (C);
+		\end{tikzpicture}
+		\caption{Event schema for the indirect reflexive\label{fig:event-indref}\pagenr{77}}
+	\end{figure}
+
+	The indirect middle comprises actions that one \emph{normally} or \emph{necessarily} performs for one's own benefit
+	(which is different from an indirect middle in that it violates property (c) above)\pagenr{78}.
 }
 
 \end{document}
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